Introduction

In the previous chapters we have got to know various aspects of critical thinking, from logical foundations through structures of argumentation to cognitive biases and fallacies. In this chapter we turn to a particularly important field of application of critical thinking: recognising attempts at manipulation and developing effective strategies of defence.

Manipulation is the attempt to influence the thinking, beliefs or behaviour of other people without their being fully aware of it or without their informed consent. In a world permeated by advertising, political propaganda, disinformation and subtle techniques of influence, the ability to recognise manipulation and to resist it is an essential competence of critical thinking.

In this chapter we will examine various techniques of manipulation, understand their psychological foundations and develop strategies to protect ourselves against manipulation. We will also consider the particular challenges that the digital age brings with it, and learn how we can think critically in social media and other online environments.